Africans became participants in the Great War due to their ties to European powers
European states transmitted their military conflicts to African soil and recruited soldiers from their colonies
After the war, peace makers in Paris still ignored African pleas for social and political reform
European powers focused on economic exploitation of their African colonies
Capitalism destroyed the self-sufficiency of African economies
War in Africa p. 1015
German imperialists managed to form a colonial empire in Africa; included Togo, Cameroon, German South-West Africa, and German East Africa.
Consequence of war for Africans was the Allies invaded German colonies
Germans outnumbered 10 to 1
1 million+ soldiers participated directly in military campaigns
Challenges to European Authority pg. 1016
as Europeans began leaving the colonies in large numbers as the war dragged on, Africans took the opportunity to stage armed uprisings and other forms of revolt
Europeans had no choice but to divert their scare military to put down the revolt, which they succeeded at
The Colonial Economy pg. 1016
colonial powers pursued two key economic objectives in Africa; they wanted to make sure that the colonized paid for the institutions- bureaucracies, judiciary, police, and military forces- that kept them in subjugation; and they develop export- oriented economies characterized by the exchange of unprocessed raw materials or minimally processed cash crops for manufactured goods from abroad.
colonies were tightly integrated into and dependent on a European- dominated global economy, which hurt trade and markets during The Great Depression in the 1930s
Infrastructure pg. 1016
Africa's economic integration required investment in infrastructures
during the early 20th century, the new colonial economy first became visible in the form of port facilities, roads, railways, and telegraph wires
efficient transportation and communication networks not only facilitated conquest and rule but also linked the agriculture or mineral wealth of a colony to the outside world
Africans paid for the infrastructure with their labor and taxes
Farming and Mining pg. 1017
-Whites owned farms and used colonial taxation to drive Africans into the labor force.
-Africans had to work to pay the taxes on land, houses, livestock, and people themselves.
-Cash crop farming had the largest proportion of Africans but wage labor on plantations or mines was also common.
-Peanuts from Senegal and northern Nigeria, cotton from Uganda, cocoa from the Gold Coast, rubber from Congo, and palm oil from Ivory Coast and the Niger delta.
-Colonial mining took place in parts of central and southern Africa, mining for copper, gold, and diamonds.
-The absence of male labor and payment of minimal wage impoverished rural areas
Labor Practices
-Where taxation failed to create labor force, outright forced labor was practiced.
-Forced labor and barely disguised forms of slavery were prominent.
-Labor abuses started with concessionary companies, which were authorized by their governments to exploit a region's resources with the help of their own system of taxation and labor recruitment. African Nationalism
Decades after Great War European powers exploited Africa's natural and labor resources with extension of the colonial system
Africans were disappointed that their contributions towards the war went unrewarded
After the Great War ideas concerning self determination and gained acceptance among a group of african nationalists gave rise to incipient nationalist movements
An elite class of African intellectuals became heavily involved in this movement
This "New Elite" got its status from(High Ranked):
employment and education
Civil servants
Physicians
Lawyers
Writers
They usually got their education in Western Europe or sometimes the United States
Jomo Kenyatta:Was one of the elite class members.
Spent almost 15 years in Europe studying at different schools
Very articulate Nationalist
Later led Kenya to Independence from Britain
Europeans introduced their ideologies to Africans when colonizing.
African nationalists often used European concept of "nations" to create unity among African groups.
They thought it was the most effective way to resist colonization/colonialism.
Nationalists looked back to concepts of ethnicity, religion and language to help identify Africans.
Other Nationalists discarded race tactic of identifying Africans because it was too similar to how Americas labeled them.
Sources from the Past: Africa for Africans: p, 1019
Marcus Garvey (1887-1940) was pivotal in black nationalism.
He rejected the idea of assimilation into American culture, but wanted a state in Africa for blacks.
Ideas like that of Theodor Herzl with Zionism, but for blacks, not Jews.
He rejected the notion of him being the "Black Moses" saying others who changed history were not "Jesus Christs" but they were able to make a difference.
Question at the end: In his speech, how does Marcus Garvey convey the significance of Africa for both Africans and those involved in the black diaspora?
Africa (1014-1020)
Africa under colonial domination p. 1014
- Africans became participants in the Great War due to their ties to European powers
- European states transmitted their military conflicts to African soil and recruited soldiers from their colonies
- After the war, peace makers in Paris still ignored African pleas for social and political reform
- European powers focused on economic exploitation of their African colonies
- Capitalism destroyed the self-sufficiency of African economies
War in Africa p. 1015- German imperialists managed to form a colonial empire in Africa; included Togo, Cameroon, German South-West Africa, and German East Africa.
- Consequence of war for Africans was the Allies invaded German colonies
- Germans outnumbered 10 to 1
- 1 million+ soldiers participated directly in military campaigns
Challenges to European Authority pg. 1016- as Europeans began leaving the colonies in large numbers as the war dragged on, Africans took the opportunity to stage armed uprisings and other forms of revolt
- Europeans had no choice but to divert their scare military to put down the revolt, which they succeeded at
The Colonial Economy pg. 1016- colonial powers pursued two key economic objectives in Africa; they wanted to make sure that the colonized paid for the institutions- bureaucracies, judiciary, police, and military forces- that kept them in subjugation; and they develop export- oriented economies characterized by the exchange of unprocessed raw materials or minimally processed cash crops for manufactured goods from abroad.
- colonies were tightly integrated into and dependent on a European- dominated global economy, which hurt trade and markets during The Great Depression in the 1930s
Infrastructure pg. 1016- Africa's economic integration required investment in infrastructures
- during the early 20th century, the new colonial economy first became visible in the form of port facilities, roads, railways, and telegraph wires
- efficient transportation and communication networks not only facilitated conquest and rule but also linked the agriculture or mineral wealth of a colony to the outside world
- Africans paid for the infrastructure with their labor and taxes
Farming and Mining pg. 1017-Whites owned farms and used colonial taxation to drive Africans into the labor force.
-Africans had to work to pay the taxes on land, houses, livestock, and people themselves.
-Cash crop farming had the largest proportion of Africans but wage labor on plantations or mines was also common.
-Peanuts from Senegal and northern Nigeria, cotton from Uganda, cocoa from the Gold Coast, rubber from Congo, and palm oil from Ivory Coast and the Niger delta.
-Colonial mining took place in parts of central and southern Africa, mining for copper, gold, and diamonds.
-The absence of male labor and payment of minimal wage impoverished rural areas
Labor Practices
-Where taxation failed to create labor force, outright forced labor was practiced.
-Forced labor and barely disguised forms of slavery were prominent.
-Labor abuses started with concessionary companies, which were authorized by their governments to exploit a region's resources with the help of their own system of taxation and labor recruitment.
African Nationalism
Sources from the Past: Africa for Africans: p, 1019